农业环境保护中的酸雨监测技术

酸雨伤害植物的监测技术包括对植物叶片表观伤害监测与生理伤害监测,后者选择的参数主要有植物光合速率、气孔导度、细胞质膜透性、叶绿素含量消长、细胞pH变化、活性氧防御系统的应激反应等。本文在介绍测定方法同时,比较分析了各种方法的优点与不足,探讨了酸雨监测技术在农业环境监测、环境评价、酸沉降区域农业区划与环境保护中的作用,指出今后研究应重视完善监测体系和拓展监测对象。     

Questionnaire on the process of recovering horses from general anesthesia and associated personnel injury in equine practice

ObjectiveTo collect data about the current practice of recovering horses from general anesthesia and recovery personnel safety.Study designOnline survey.MethodsAn online questionnaire, including questions on general demographic data, recovery drugs, modality and characteristics of equine recovery and morbidity and mortality, was designed and distributed via e-mail to equine practitioners worldwide.ResultsPractitioners from 22 countries completed 373 questionnaires; 53% of the participants were board-certified equine surgeons, and the remainder were board-certified anesthesiologists (18%), large animal residents (8%), general practitioners (7%), large animal interns (6%), anesthesia residents (4.5%) and veterinary technicians (1.6%). Respondents were employed by academia (58%) or private practice (42%). Of the respondents employed at a university, 93% had a board-certified anesthesiologist on staff compared with 7% of respondents employed at a private practice. Most of the respondents assist horses during recovery, with 23% assisting every recovery and 44% assisting recovery in the majority of cases. Reasons for choosing to assist horses during recovery were: orthopedic procedures (57%), neurological deficits (49%), bad health (47%), history of poor recovery (44%), foals (42%), draft breeds (30%), magnetic resonance imaging (17%) and computed tomography (16%). Unacceptable recoveries were reported by 77% of participants. Commonly reported complications during recovery with any method were: orthopedic injury (66%), myopathy (54%), skin abrasion (53%) and airway obstruction (37%). The incidences of unacceptable quality of recovery (p = 0.09) or personnel injury (p = 0.56) were not different between assisted and nonassisted recoveries; however, more equine fatalities were reported for assisted recoveries (p < 0.006). Practitioners in academia reported more unacceptable recoveries (p < 0.0007) and personnel injuries (p < 0.002) compared with those in private practice.ConclusionsThe method of recovery differs among hospitals. Recovery personnel injuries associated with assisting horses during recovery are an important and previously unreported finding.     

Effect of Temperature on the Induction of Bud Dormancy in Ecotypes of Betula pubescens and Betula pendula

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of temperature applied during short day-induced budset on induction of dormancy in six ecotypes of Betula pubescens Ehrh. and two ecotypes of Betula pendula Roth. Seedlings were grown in a phytotron at constant temperatures of 9–21°C under a 12 h photoperiod (SD) during dormancy induction. Induction of dormancy was monitored by following bud flushing and shoot growth after transfer to long photoperiod conditions (24 h) at 18°C. Chilling requirement was studied in seedlings exposed to 10 weeks of SD. In both species induction of bud dormancy developed most rapidly at 15–18°C, and both 9–12°C and 21°C delayed the induction of dormancy. Raising the temperature (from 9 to 21°C) applied during induction of dormancy significantly increased the chilling requirement. These responses were noted for all ecotypes tested, but in general the northern ecotypes entered dormancy more quickly than the southern ones. No such trend was recorded for chilling requirement, although a B. pubescens ecotype from Iceland and another from the coast of northern Norway appeared to require a longer chilling treatment than the other ecotypes. In conclusion, induction and depth of bud dormancy in birch are significantly affected by temperature conditions and these effects may explain some of the annual variation in dormancy and chilling requirement observed in nature.     

长春市主要绿化树种适应低温冻害能力的调查与分析

以长春市部分绿地的主要园林绿化树种为对象,对其适应低温冻害的能力进行了调查与分析,结果表明:在2009～2010年冬春季节持续低温作用下,12种外来树种中未遭受冻害的有青杄等7种,占58.3%;油松、丹东桧柏、大径级垂榆、京桃、刺槐普遍遭受冻害,都有死亡植株发生,其中大径级垂榆冻死率高达63.6%。低温累积效应是导致树木遭受冻害的主要因素,种间的遗传差异亦是因素之一。乡土野生树种无冻害相发生。     

UV-C处理对水蜜桃果实冷害及贮藏品质的影响

为了缓解水蜜桃果实采后冷藏保鲜对果实品质的负面影响，达到更好的保鲜效果，以江苏省张家港市的凤凰水蜜桃（Prunus persica)为实验材料，研究了不同剂量（0.5kJ/m2、1kJ/m2、1.5kJ/m2）UV-C对低温（3℃?℃）条件下水蜜桃果实冷害和品质的影响。实验结果表明：三种剂量的UV-C处理对水蜜桃均能有效减少果实的褐变，保存果实的可溶性固形物（TSS），并明显延缓了丙二醛（MDA）、多酚氧化酶（PPO酶）的上升趋势；处理之间没有明显的效果差异，但1.5 kJ/m2处理的硬度值在5-20d之间均显著大于CK组（P<0.05）,表现出更好的抗软化能力；另外，UV-C处理易使果实相对电导率加速升高，该趋势随照射剂量的增大而增强。     

Yield estimation of 1-year-old asparagus grown using rootstock-planting forcing culture

Rootstock-planting forcing culture was developed in asparagus to harvest spears even during the seasons when the plants become dormant, but the demand for them high. In this study, cumulative hours during which the air temperature remained lower than 5°C, i.e. chilling hours (CHs), were calculated to determine dormancy breakage for asparagus cultures. We also measured CIELab colour values for cut stems immediately before rootstock digging, and determined whether they could be substituted and/or compensated for CHs while evaluating asparagus plant productivity in different low-temperature backgrounds, and obtained regression equations for yield estimation. Asparagus seedlings were cultivated in seven different regions across Japan and brought to the study site for harvesting. Our regression equation based on CHs and rootstock weight for yield estimation had relatively high fitness (adjusted R² = 0.5795). The colour values of cut stalks at rootstock digging can also be used to evaluate their productivity. These values can be useful in regions where CHs cannot be determined, although their effectiveness was slightly lower than that of CHs of areas adjacent to the study sites.     

6个蓝莓品种受低温冻害影响分析

[目的]对昆明6个蓝莓品种进行了冻害情况调查,为该地区蓝莓引种及防寒工作提供参考。[方法]调查研究南高丛蓝莓品种(奥尼尔、夏普蓝、密斯黛)和兔眼蓝莓品种(顶峰、灿烂、梯芙蓝)共6个蓝莓品种受低温冻害的情况。[结果]3个南高丛蓝莓品种冻害率均达到100%,3个兔眼蓝莓品种中,灿烂冻害率高达75.0%,梯芙蓝冻害率仅为16.7%,顶峰植株未遭冻害。奥尼尔和灿烂品种受冻害的器官主要为花和果,其余3个品种受低温冻害的器官不同。[结论]不同蓝莓品种具有不同的抗寒力,露天栽培中可优先考虑顶峰和梯芙蓝品种。     

Impact of defoliation on yield of group IV soybeans in Mississippi

Field experiments were conducted during 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effects of defoliation on maturity group IV soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr., grown in Mississippi. During each year, two locations were planted with maturity group IV soybeans that were subjected to various levels of defoliation during R3, R5, and R6 growth stages. Soybeans were subjected to various levels of defoliation within the upper 50% of the plant canopy, lower 50% of the plant canopy, and whole-plant canopy. There was greater yield loss from defoliation occurring in the upper plant canopy compared with the lower plant canopy during R3 and R5 stages, but no difference between canopy regions during R6 stage. Yield loss from whole plant defoliation was greater than upper or lower canopy defoliation. Results confirmed that soybeans during R3 and R5 stages are more susceptible to yield loss than during R6. However, yield losses were not significantly different between R 3 and R5 until defoliation exceeded 63%. Dynamic economic injury levels were determined for each growth stage based on yield loss equations, value of the crop, and cost of control and can be used as a basis for developing action thresholds in high-yielding soybean production environments.     

北方日光温室黄瓜栽培存在的突出问题及对策

对北方地区日光温室黄瓜生产中存在的温室结构不合理,连作障碍严重和药害发生频繁等问题进行了阐述,并提出了相应的解决方法。     

黑种草子提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的修复作用及机制研究

【目的】验证黑种草子提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的修复作用并探究其机制,为其临床开发研究提供理论依据。【方法】将56只3周龄昆明小鼠随机均分为7组：空白对照组,模型组,黑种草子提取物高、中、低剂量组,黑种草子粉剂组及水飞蓟宾阳性对照组,每组8只。除空白对照组外,其余各组均以10 mL/kg 60%酒精灌胃,每天1次,连续15 d。第16天,黑种草子提取物高、中、低剂量组分别给予8、4、2 mL/kg黑种草子提取物,每天1次,连续10 d后处死小鼠。计算各组小鼠肝脏指数;检测血清中谷丙转氨酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力;制备肝脏石蜡切片观察其病理变化;Western blotting检测NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3（NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3,NLRP3）、含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1（cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,Caspase-1）和白细胞介素1β（interleukin-1β,IL-1β）的蛋白表达水平。【结果】与空白对照组相比,模型组小鼠肝脏指数显著上升（P<0.05）,肝细胞出现明显颗粒变性,水泡变性,核溶解,界限区分不清,肝索消失;血清ALT、AST活力显著上升（P<0.05）,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力显著下降（P<0.05）,说明肝损伤模型建立成功,且肝脏组织中NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白表达水平显著升高（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,黑种草子提取物各剂量组血清ALT、AST活力均呈下降趋势,SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力均呈上升趋势,其中高剂量组上述各指标均呈显著差异（P<0.05）,肝脏组织结构明显改善,NLRP3、Caspase-1和IL-1β蛋白表达水平均显著下降（P<0.05）。【结论】高剂量（8 mL/kg）黑种草子提取物可显著提高肝损伤小鼠的抗氧化水平,且可以通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体的表达而减少IL-1β的合成,从而改善肝脏功能和修复受损的肝脏组织结构。